Ruby Jewelry Guide: The King of Gemstones

Rubies are the most valuable colored gemstone per carat, often exceeding diamonds in price for top specimens. Known as the "King of Gemstones," rubies have been prized by royalty and warriors throughout history for their intense red color and legendary hardness.

What Makes Rubies Special

Ruby is a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminum oxide), the same mineral that produces sapphires. What sets rubies apart is the presence of chromium, which gives them their characteristic red color. With a hardness of 9 on the Mohs scale, rubies are second only to diamonds in durability, making them excellent for everyday jewelry.

Understanding Ruby Quality

Color (60-75% of Value)

The most prized ruby color is vivid "pigeon blood" red — a pure, saturated red with a slight blue undertone. Rubies that are too dark appear almost black, while those too light may be classified as pink sapphires. The finest rubies maintain their vibrant color in any lighting condition.

Clarity

Unlike diamonds, completely eye-clean rubies are extremely rare. Most rubies contain tiny needle-like inclusions called "silk." Interestingly, a small amount of silk can actually enhance a ruby's value by creating a soft, velvety appearance that distributes color more evenly. However, inclusions that affect transparency or durability reduce value significantly.

Cut

Oval and cushion cuts are the most common shapes for rubies, as they preserve the most weight from rough material. Well-cut rubies display excellent brilliance and even color distribution. Mixed cuts (brilliant crown with step-cut pavilion) are particularly popular for maximizing both brilliance and color saturation.

Carat Weight

Fine rubies above 2 carats are exceptionally rare and command premium prices. A 3-carat ruby of top quality can be worth more per carat than an equivalent diamond. For more about how carat weight affects gemstone value, see our carat weight guide.

Ruby Origins

• Myanmar (Burma): The most valued source, famous for "pigeon blood" rubies from the Mogok Valley. Burmese rubies command the highest prices at auction.
• Mozambique: Now the world's largest producer. Mozambican rubies offer excellent quality at more accessible prices and are increasingly accepted by the market.
• Thailand: Known for darker, brownish-red rubies. Bangkok is also the world's leading ruby trading center.
• Sri Lanka: Produces lighter, pinkish-red rubies. Sri Lankan rubies tend to have good clarity.
• Madagascar: A newer source producing fine quality material comparable to Mozambican rubies.

Ruby Care and Maintenance

Rubies are excellent for daily wear due to their exceptional hardness. Clean with warm soapy water and a soft brush. Ultrasonic and steam cleaners are generally safe for untreated rubies, but avoid them if the stone has been fracture-filled. For more tips, see our gemstone care guide.

Ruby as a Birthstone

Ruby is the birthstone for July and the traditional gemstone for 15th and 40th wedding anniversaries. In many cultures, rubies symbolize passion, protection, and prosperity.

Choosing Ruby Jewelry

When selecting ruby jewelry, prioritize color above all other factors. A slightly included ruby with outstanding color will always be more valuable than a perfectly clean stone with mediocre color. For engagement rings, rubies in protective settings like bezel or halo are ideal choices. Browse our complete jewelry buying guide for more expert advice.